![]() Archaeology Wordsmith(View exact match)Abejas phase. CATEGORY: chronology. Results for feature: (View exact match) bedrock feature CATEGORY: feature DEFINITION: A feature constructed into bedrock that does not fit any other feature type. Venus of Berekhat Ram (230,000 BCE): Discovery, Characteristics, Photo of Prehistoric Basalt Figurine: Golan Heights. DEFINITION: The first important agricultural phase in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico, dating 3. BC, after the introduction of maize. Ajuerado phase. CATEGORY: chronology. DEFINITION: The earliest phase of pre- village, pre- agriculture in Tehuacan Valley, Mexico, from c 7. Results for phase: (View exact match) Abejas phase CATEGORY: chronology DEFINITION: The first important agricultural phase in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico, dating. BC. There was hunting and gathering. Atlantic period. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Atlantic phase, Atlantic climatic period. CATEGORY: chronology. DEFINITION: In Europe, a climatic optimum following the Boreal, the warmest period of the Holocene. This period was represented as a maximum of temperature and evidence from beetles suggests it being warmer than average for the interglacial. It seems to have begun about 6. BC, when the average temperature rose. Melting ice sheets ultimately submerged nearly half of western Europe, creating the bays and inlets along the Atlantic coast that provided a new, rich ecosystem for human subsistence. The Atlantic period was followed by the subboreal period. The Atlantic period, which succeeded the Boreal, was probably wetter and certainly somewhat warmer, and mixed forests of oak, elm, common lime (linden), and elder spread northward. Only in the late Atlantic period did the beech and hornbeam spread into western and central Europe from the southeast. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: focus; phase. CATEGORY: term. DEFINITION: A culturally homogeneous stratigraphic layer within a site that belongs to one culture and is interpreted as the remains of a single people during a relatively brief period of time. At a particular site, there may be present several components, recognized by critical changes in the artifact assemblages. A number of similar and contemporary components make up a phase. Coxcatl. Maize first appeared, though wild and semi- domesticated plants were still eaten along with small game. El Riego phase. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: The occupation phase of c 7. BC in Tehuac. Squash, chili peppers, and avocados may have been domesticated by the very small population. Erligang phase. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Erh- li- kang.
CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A stage of the early Bronze Age in North China seen in two strata at Zhengzhou Erligang, classified archaeologically as Middle Shang. The phase preceded the Anyang period (c 1. BC) and radiocarbon dates have been c 1. The massive rammed- earth fortification, 1. Also found were ritual bronzes, including four monumental tetrapods, palace foundations; workshops for bronze casting, pot making, and bone working; burials; and two inscribed fragments of oracle bones. The Erligang phase may correspond to the widest sway of the Shang empire and is known for its highly developed bronze- casting industry. Some Chinese archaeologists call the phase Early Shang. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: phase. ![]() CATEGORY: term. DEFINITION: A group of components that share high frequencies of similar cultural traits. The components will probably not be identical but should have a sufficient number of significant traits in common to indicate a relationship. Meillacoid phase. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Melliac. CATEGORY: culture; ceramics. DEFINITION: One of two ceramic series (the other being Chicoid) which emerged from the Ostinoid series. Originating in Haiti, it remained largely confined to the western Greater Antilles. Sites are usually village shell middens, but are often close to good agricultural land. The characteristic pottery is thin and hard but with a rough surface texture and simple incision, sometimes combined with appliqu. The dates are usually within 8. AD, although some sites in central Cuba endured to as late as 1. Norton. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Norton tradition phase. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A series of Arctic Alaska cultures, mainly coastal, dating from c 5. BC- 1. 10. 0 AD, with the first pottery of the region. The Choris culture, the earliest manifestation, has pottery that is Asiatic in origin, fiber- tempered with linear- and check- stamp decoration. Sometimes designated Paleo- Eskimo, the Norton tradition embraces the cultural continuum Choris- Norton- Ipiutak. The Norton aspect of this continuum is typically represented by the presence of poorly fired, check- stamped pottery and tools of crude appearance, made from basalt rather than chert. Polished slate implements and oil lamps appear as well as points, tips, side blades; discoidal scraper bits, broad flat labrets, and toggling harpoon heads. Cape Denbigh, Cape Krusenstern and Onion Portage for example, all have a Norton component. The extent to which the Norton tradition was ancestral to any of the Eskimos is open to interpretation, though the Yup'ik Eskimo are likely descendants of Norton people. CATEGORY: term; technique. DEFINITION: A term generally referring to an archaeological unit defined by artifacts and cultural traits that distinguish it from other units. It is an archaeological unit defined by characteristic groupings of culture traits that can be identified precisely in time and space. It lasts for a relatively short time and is found at one or more sites in a locality or region. Therefore, it is an interval of time in the archaeological record, especially a relatively limited time within a specific locality or region and often used to represent a distinct prehistoric people. The archaeologist abstracts the phase from a number of components which occupy a certain area in space and the same span in time and which share many or most of their distinctive features with each other. These components may represent units as small as tribal camps or as large as cities. It is similar to focus. Prairie Ware, sandy- paste vessels with incised, corded, and fingernail- punctated decoration, was associated with it. Purron phase. CATEGORY: chronology; culture. DEFINITION: In the Tehuac. The dates fall between the end of the Abejas and start of the Ajalpan phases. In the Purron phase, the first pottery was produced in vessel forms that duplicate earlier stone vessels. St. Albans. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: St. Albans phase. CATEGORY: site. DEFINITION: A British town was established on the west bank of the Ver in the 1st century BC, and subsequently the Romans built their town of Verulamium on the site. In 6. 1 AD the town was sacked. Ruins of the town wall dating from the 2nd century AD exist. In c 3. 04, a Roman named Alban, who had converted to Christianity, was taken from the town and killed on the east bank of the Ver. An abbey was later founded on the alleged site of his martyrdom, and the town of St. Albans grew up around the abbey. Weeden Island phase. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A culture following Middle Woodland and preceding Mississippian that occupied much of north Florida, southwest Georgia, and southeast Alabama c 2. AD. The pottery is among the finest of the eastern US. Display More Results. A Group. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: A Horizon, A- Group. CATEGORY: culture. DEFINITION: A term created by American archaeologist George Reisner to refer to a semi- nomadic Nubian Neolithic culture of the mid- fourth to early third millennium BC. The term has evolved into a horizon. Traces of the A group which may have evolved from the Abkan culture survive throughout Lower Nubia. An important site is Afyeh near Aswan Sayala and Qustul. There is evidence among the grave goods that the A Group was engaged in regular trade with the Egyptians of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods. The A Group was eventually replaced by the C Group during the Old Kingdom. The existence of a B Group has now been rejected. The site was excavated in 1. Tabqua/Tabqa Dam. Two major phases of occupation were found: Mesolithic or Epi- Palaeolithic (early 9th millennium BC) to a Pre- Pottery Neolithic B Culture in the 6th millennium. There was a long period of abandonment in the 7th millennium and then a final abandonment c 5. BC. The site depicted a transition from gathering to cultivation, including large quantities of einkorn wheat, and from hunting to herding (sheep and goats, also gazelle and onager). The Neolithic settlement was of enormous size, larger than any other recorded site of this period - - even . In the uppermost levels, a dark burnished pottery appeared. Acheulian. SYNONYMS OR RELATED TERMS: Acheulean, Acheulian industry. CATEGORY: chronology; culture. DEFINITION: A European culture of the Lower Palaeolithic period named for Saint- Acheul, a town in northern France, the site of numerous stone artifacts from the period. The conventional borderline between Abbevillian and Acheulian is marked by a technological innovation in the working of stone implements, the use of a flaking tool of soft material (wood, bone, antler) in place of a hammerstone. This culture is noted for its hefty multipurpose, pointed (or almond- shaped) hand axes, flat- edged cleaving tools, and other bifacial stone tools with multiple cutting edges. The Acheulian flourished in Africa, western Europe, and southern Asia from over a million years ago until less than 1. Homo erectus. This progressive tool industry was the first to use regular bifacial flaking. The term Epoque de St Acheul was introduced by Gabriel de Mortillet in 1. Acheulian is more often used today. The earliest assemblages are often rather similar to the Oldowan at such sites as Olduvai Gorge. Subsequent hand- ax assemblages are found over most of Africa, southern Asia and western and southern Europe. The earliest appearance of hand axes in Europe is still refereed to by some workers as Abbevillian, denoting a stage when hand axes were still made with crude, irregular devices. The type site, near Amiens in the Somme Valley contained large hand ax assemblages from around the time of the penultimate interglacial and the succeeding glacial period (Riss), perhaps some 2. Acheulian hand axes are still found around the time of the last interglacial period, and hand axes are common in one part of the succeeding Mousterian period (the Mousterian of Acheulian tradition) down to as recently as 4.
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